关键词: 空间观测, 初始轨道确定, 精密轨道确定, 弧段关联, 天基定轨

Abstract: In recent years, declining satellite manufacturing and launch costs have triggered exponential growth in space object populations, intensifying pressure on existing space observation systems. Orbit determination constitutes the most fundamental and critical task in space object cataloging. This paper systematically reviews the evolution of orbit determination technologies. For initial orbit determination (IOD) under short-arc conditions, classical algorithms including Laplace, Gauss, and Gooding methods are compared regarding their advantages, limitations, and applicability. Against the backdrop of enhanced sensor capabilities and computing power, domestic advancements in modified Laplace and unit vector methods for IOD are examined. Concerning precise orbit determination (POD), the development of classical batch processing and sequential processing algorithms is summarized, with emphasis on their differences in computational logic, error propagation, and application scenarios. Arc correlation techniques-covering initial-value, boundary-value, hyperplane intersection, and Keplerian orbit integration methods-are analyzed as auxiliary technical solutions. Furthermore, space-based observation is identified as a breakthrough approach for future mass cataloging challenges, with analysis of space-based data characteristics and corresponding algorithms. Finally, development trends in space object orbit determination are assessed.

Key words: space surveillance, initial orbit determination, precise orbit determination, tracklet association, space-based orbit determination