中国空间科学技术

中国空间科学技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 1-11.doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2026.0019

• 载人月球探测专刊 •    下一篇

载人月面着陆起飞系统设计及关键技术研究

王翔1，朱恩涌2,*，刘扬2，侯振东2   

  1. 1.中国空间技术研究院，北京100094
    2.北京空间飞行器总体设计部，北京100094
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-27 修回日期:2026-02-02 录用日期:2026-02-05 发布日期:2026-03-20 出版日期:2026-03-31

Research on system design and key technologies for crewed lunar landing and ascent

WANG Xiang1，ZHU Enyong2,*，LIU Yang2，HOU Zhendong2   

  1. 1.China Academy of Space Technology，Beijing 100094，China
    2.Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering，Beijing 100094，China
  • Received:2025-11-27 Revision received:2026-02-02 Accepted:2026-02-05 Online:2026-03-20 Published:2026-03-31

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摘要： 月面着陆和起飞是载人月球探测任务中风险最高、难度最大的环节之一，直接影响任务成败和航天员安全。掌握和突破载人月面着陆起飞关键技术，是研制安全可靠载人月面着陆器的核心，能推动中国载人航天技术的整体进步。通过对载人月面着陆起飞任务需求进行分析，提出了中国载人月面着陆器系统方案，并根据系统方案详细分析了典型载人任务需求特有的着陆起飞关键技术，包括应急救生设计技术、超软着陆设计技术、月面稳定起飞技术及环月自主快速交会技术，分析提出了相应的技术途径和解决方案：提出了正常和应急起飞燃料最优的环月轨道设计方法、适应多约束变目标的应急上升与交会对接一体化规划方法，有效支持载人月面着陆起飞过程任意时刻安全返回；提出了考虑羽流热、着陆冲击、着陆稳定性的下降速度多学科优化方法，为实现月面超软着陆提供设计参考；提出了并联轨控发动机推力协同控制与发动机故障快速诊断方法，提升着陆器月面起飞控制能力和安全性；提出了复杂场景多约束条件下的环月自主快速交会方案设计方法，解决资源约束、时间受限条件下的交会方案设计问题。对月面着陆起飞关键技术的剖析，为载人月面着陆器设计提供参考，也有助于深入认识载人月面着陆器的研制难度和风险。

关键词: 载人, 月面着陆, 月面起飞, 系统设计, 关键技术

Abstract: Lunar landing and ascent represents one of the riskiest and most challenging phases in crewed lunar exploration missions, exerting a direct impact on mission success and astronaut safety. Mastering and breaking through the key technologies for crewed lunar landing and ascent formed the core of developing a safe and reliable crewed lunar lander, and further drove the overall advancement of China’s crewed spaceflight technology. First, mission requirements for crewed lunar landing and ascent were analyzed, followed by the proposal of a system scheme for China's crewed lunar lander. Based on this scheme, an in-depth analysis was conducted on the key landing and ascent technologies specific to typical crewed mission demands, including emergency rescue design, ultra-soft landing design, lunar surface stable ascent, and autonomous rapid circumlunar rendezvous. Corresponding technical approaches and solutions were put forward accordingly. A circumlunar orbit design method optimizing fuel consumption for both nominal and emergency ascent, as well as an integrated planning method for emergency ascent and rendezvous-docking adapting to multi-constraint and variable-target scenarios were proposed, effectively enabling the crew to return safely at any stage during the landing and ascent process. A multidisciplinary optimization method for descent velocity was developed, taking into account plume heating, landing impact and landing stability, which provided a design reference for achieving ultra-soft lunar landing. A thrust coordinated control method for parallel orbit control engines and a rapid engine fault diagnosis method were established, enhancing the lander’s control capability and safety during lunar ascent. Additionally, a scheme design method for autonomous rapid circumlunar rendezvous under complex scenarios and multi-constraint conditions was presented, addressing the challenges in rendezvous scheme design under resource and time limitations. This analysis of key technologies for lunar landing and ascent provides a reference for the design of crewed lunar landers, and also helps deepen the understanding of the development difficulties and risks associated with such landers.

Key words: crewed, lunar landing, lunar ascent, system design, key technology