Abstract: Spectroscopy, as an important analytical tool, is widely applied in the detection of biosignatures and the assessment of planetary habitability. This review summarizes recent advances in spectroscopic techniques for detecting habitable exoplanets and biosignature molecules: First, it introduces the spectroscopic characteristics of common small-molecule biomarker gases indicative of life on habitable planets. Then, it describes the infrared spectroscopic precision measurement techniques, and discusses the influence of environmental factors on molecular infrared spectroscopy. Next, it elaborates on the progress in molecular spectroscopic detection technologies for studying interstellar and atmospheric molecules. Finally, it describes the potential of spectroscopy in the search for life on exoplanets, discussing the prospective applications of ground-based spectral simulation facilities and artificial intelligence technologies in advanced spectral detection of life beyond the Earth.

Key words: spectroscopic technology, habitable planets, life signal detection, biomarkers, extraterrestrial life