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Architecture and development envision of cislunar space infrastructure YANG Mengfei, PENG Jing, LI Jionghui, NI Yanshuo, ZHU Shunjie, DU Ying, XU Baobi, HUANG Xiaofeng, ZHANG Zhengfeng Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (3): 1-14.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0034 Abstract （709）      PDF（pc） （7849KB）（983）       Knowledge map     The construction of cislunar space infrastructure（CLSI）can provide basic and universal services for human activities in the cislunar space，including data communications，position navigation and timing（PNT），and situation monitoring for the development of lunar space，which can meet the needs of follow-up major national lunar exploration projects.At the same time，it has strategic significance for accelerating the development of the space industry into the cislunar space，and promoting China′s strength in science，technology and aerospace.On the basis of clarifying the concept of CLSI and analyzing the state-of-art development status，the top-level system architecture is proposed for the CLSI，regarding to the needs of major projects and the sustainable development of the aerospace industry.Then，the system services，the system composition，the “cloud-domain-end” network architecture as well as the internal and user interfaces architecture are defined and demonstrated.Finally，with the goal of gradually establishing a technologically advanced and reasonably deployed CLSI by phases and providing universal services that are open，safe，reliable，and operate continuously and stably in the long term，development prospects and suggestions are proposed to provide reference for the development and construction planning of CLSI. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and prospect in planetary exploration of solar system YANG Mengfei, ZHENG Yanhong, NI Yanshuo, HUANG Xiaofeng, ZHANG Zhengfeng, XING Zhuoyi Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (5): 1-12.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0063 Abstract （557）      PDF（pc） （10199KB）（751）       Knowledge map    Planetary exploration is an important means of humans to understand the universe.With the continuous development of space technology，major space countries have carried out more than 100 planetary exploration activities in the solar system.Humans have realized the flyby，orbiting，lander，rover and sample return missions of solar system.Based on the implemented planetary exploration activities and upcoming missions，the main scientific issues and discoveries of planetary exploration were summarized.And the development tendency of planetary exploration was analyzed.According to the recent development plan of planetary exploration in China，a medium to longterm conceiving route and flagship mission have been proposed.It can provide support for the planning of future planetary exploration missions in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and prospect of lunar resources exploitation and utilization YANG Mengfei, ZOU Zhigang, WANG Weihua, YAO Wei, WANG Qinggong Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0001 Abstract （538）      PDF（pc） （4467KB）（790）       Knowledge map    With the implementation of the Chang′E-5 mission in 2020，the three phases of China lunar exploration program，namely orbiting，landing and returning，have been completed.Next，the International Lunar Research Station（ILRS）will be established at the lunar south pole by 2030，and a lunar base will be planned later.It is a new era of exploitation and utilization of the Moon，in which a vast tasks should be completed.In this paper，we summarized some important progresses of investigation of lunar resources in the past，including lunar resource exploration，analysis of lunar volatiles，mineral extraction，and material construction by 3D printing of lunar regolith.Then，we proposed future tasks for the exploitation of the lunar resources.The main challenges of the Moon，such as the extreme lunar environment，unique properties of lunar regolith，and autonomous control of the process，were considered.The views in this paper can be referenced for future scientific researches and engineering tasks in the field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Orbit design method of near-lunar space constellation CHEN Shiyu, NI Yanshuo, PENG Jing Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (3): 15-29.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0035 Abstract （491）      PDF（pc） （9757KB）（437）       Knowledge map     According to the requirements of relay communication and lunar navigation for future lunar exploration missions，an orbit design method of near-moon space constellation is proposed.First，the indexes of constellation design in relay communication，lunar navigation，cost for deployment and maintenance are sorted out，and analytic hierarchy process is applied to determine the weights of the indexes so that a comprehensive evaluation index can be proposed.The properties of various types of orbits are analyzed with full consideration of orbit resources near the moon，and the orbit types suitable for constellation deployment are initially screened.A construction route of the near-moon space constellation is proposed，where 100% quadruple cover for the whole moon is gradually realized in three stages.The constellation configurations in the three stages are designed successively.For each stage，different configurations are compared and the one with the best comprehensive evaluation index is selected.Based on the above method，the construction scheme of the constellation in near-moon space is obtained.In the first stage，2 satellites are deployed in elliptical lunar frozen orbit（ELFO）to provide full-time earth relay communication for the south pole region of the moon.In the second stage，6 ELFO satellites，2 near rectilinear halo orbit（NRHO）satellites，and 1 L2 halo orbit satellite are deployed to provide full-time navigation for the south pole region and fulltime earth communication for the entire lunar surface.In the third stage，4 ELFO satellites，2 NRHO satellites，1 L1 halo orbit satellite，and 3 distant retrograde orbit satellites are deployed to provide full-time navigation for the entire lunar surface.For any position in the whole lunar surface，the geometric dilution of precision of the designed constellation keeps below 5 in at least 72% of the time，leading to a long-term high-precision navigation for the whole lunar surface.Compared with the existing literature，the proposed design method of the near-lunar space constellation considers more orbit types，more comprehensive constellation performance indexes，and innovatively puts forward a phased construction scheme of the near-lunar space constellation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and prospect of multisource remote sensing data in battlefield environment intelligent situational awareness SHAO Zhenfeng, DANG Chaoya, ZHANG Hongping, WU Changzhi, QI Xiaofei, HUANG Jun Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (1): 11-22.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0002 Abstract （362）      PDF（pc） （4641KB）（562）       Knowledge map     In the face of the rapid change of complex battlefield environment information，grasping the situational awareness of complex battlefield environment in a timely，comprehensive and accurate manner is the prerequisite for winning the information war in the future.In order to explore the development direction of multi-source remote sensing data in battlefield environment situational awareness，on the basis of extensive investigation of remote sensing requirements for battlefield environment situational awareness，we firstly expounded the concept and connotation of battlefield environment situational awareness，then gave an overview of multi-source remote sensing data processing and battlefield situational awareness applications.Next，we analyzed the challenges，progress and development trend of remote sensing in battlefield environment situational awareness.In general，remote sensing provides a variety of observation data for battlefield environment situational awareness，and the combination of remote sensing and artificial intelligence algorithm can provide a variety of applications for military battlefield environment situational awareness and offer data assistance to commanders for decision-making.However，there are still a lot of challenges to be solved.Based on the analysis of the current achievements and challenges，we put forward the prospect of remote sensing in the battlefield environment situational awareness，and pointed out that the interpretability of deep learning based on remote sensing and the intelligent battlefield are the difficulties to break through the development of remote sensing in the battlefield environment situational awareness. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and prospect of scientific exploration for Jovian system ZOU Xin, PENG Jing, MIAO Yuanming Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0078 Abstract （346）      PDF（pc） （3340KB）（456）       Knowledge map    In order to make a better plan for China′s scientific exploration for Jovian system，the development status of foreign Jovian system exploration missions were investigated and analyzed.Among the nine space missions that explored Jupiter and its satellites so far，seven are flyby missions.The other two are Galileo and Juno particularly for Jupiter.The Scientific goals，payloads configuration and exploration results were extracted and generalized.The mission characteristics and enlightenment of scientific exploration for Jovian system were obtained.Finally，on the basis of the above analysis and pending problems，the primary mission layout and prospect of scientific exploration for Jovian system in China were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of space target positioning algorithms based on space-based optical detection LI Yao, CHEN Xin, RAO Peng Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (2): 1-15.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0017 Abstract （322）      PDF（pc） （6075KB）（623）       Knowledge map    In recent years，the field of space target localization has developed rapidly by integrating detection technologies such as sensor-network collaboration and multi-mode fusion.Positioning methods based on space-based optical detection are widely used in civil and national defense fields with their unique advantages of good concealment and high measurement accuracy.In order to analyze the localization methods suitable for different types of spatial targets in different scenarios，small space target positioning methods based on space-based optical detection were reviewed.Firstly，the development of space-based optical detection technology，the classification and characteristics of space targets，and the concept of space target localization were introduced.Secondly，the positioning methods based on single satellite or multi-satellites suitable for small and weak spatial targets were analyzed.The joint positioning of heterogeneous sensors proposed in recent years was explained.Besides，the error analysis model of spatial target positioning was established according to the imaging process.The proportion of factors influencing positioning accuracy was analyzed.Finally，the summary and outlook were made based on the existing problems. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of advanced electric propulsion technology for cislunar and deep space exploration WU Chenchen, GENG Hai, WANG Zitong, LI Detian Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (5): 13-23.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0064 Abstract （313）      PDF（pc） （7207KB）（474）       Knowledge map    Space electric propulsion is the key technology of cislunar and deep space exploration.Space electric propulsion technology，one of the key technology of cislunar and deep space exploration,was focused on.The technical connotation of space electric propulsion and its application status in China was introduced，and the typical international cislunar and deep space exploration missions based on electric propulsion was analyzed from the dimensions of mission characteristics，electric propulsion configuration，and application benefits.Aiming at the future development needs of China’s deep space exploration，the optimization application stratrgies of electric propulsion were introduced for five typical scenarios: lunar exploration，asteroid exploration，human Mars exploration，solar system boundary exploration and cislunar space scientific exploration，and the key technical systems and development priorities of advanced electric propulsion for deep space exploration were sorted out.Finally，according to the development idea of “one medium，one super，one micro”，suggestions on space electric propulsion technology development were given，which provide a reference for a wider range of applications of space electric propulsion in the field of cislunar and deep space exploration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Key technologies and progress of inertial sensors for space gravitational wave detection WU Shufan, ZHANG Qianyun, LIU Meilin, SHEN Qiang Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (4): 1-12.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0048 Abstract （291）      PDF（pc） （6507KB）（344）       Knowledge map    Space inertial sensor is one of the key science payloads in space gravitational wave detection mission，aiming to detect infinitesimal change in gravitational wave.The research progress，detection principle and working mechanism of the inertial sensor were introduced and discussed to illustrate its technical challenges.The key technologies of the inertial sensor design were illustrated in three aspects：capacitance displacement sensing，electrostatic feedback control and ground evaluation.Then，the development and research status of inertial sensors worldwide were reviewed and summarized.It could be seen that the residual acceleration noise was the key indicator of the inertial sensor.It reached 3×10-15m/(s2·Hz1/2) orders of magnitude abroad.There are three orders of magnitude deficit between domestic and abroad.Thus，the study on high precision space inertial sensor has great strategic and scientific significance.To meet the needs of inertial sensors in China's future space gravitational wave detection missions，the research can focus on inertial sensor control system strategy，AC actuator parameter optimization，multi-degree-of-freedom decoupling control technology，and low noise technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and transfer of space-based spatial-temporal reference in earth-moon space ZHOU Huichao, ZHENG Jinjun, WANG Haihong, BI Shaojun Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (3): 51-59.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0038 Abstract （265）      PDF（pc） （6434KB）（316）       Knowledge map     Cislunar space is gradually becoming a focal area for human space exploration activities.Constructing a high-precision spatial-temporal reference and service is significant for planning and executing cislunar space missions.It is not only a systematic expansion of the spatial-temporal reference in the near-earth region，but also an important approach to enhance the guarantee capability of spatial-temporal information in cislunar space.With the development of GNSS，the infrastructure of spatial-temporal reference in the nearearth region is relatively comprehensive.The navigation system in the lunar region is similar to that of the near-earth region，and various solutions have been proposed.However，cislunar space also includes areas beyond the earth and the moon.Factors such as large airspace and particularity of dynamics should be adequately considered when the spatial-temporal reference is constructed，which can provide spatial-temporal information service with high benefits and connect the spatial-temporal reference of the earth and the moon organically.In this article，the spatial-temporal reference framework in cislunar space was designed based on the current demand of development.With characteristics of cislunar space beyond the earth and the moon considered，the scheme for constructing，tracing and transferring of the space-based earth-moon libration point spatial-temporal reference was researched and proposed.This scheme is anticipated to deliver a spatial-temporal information service with high accuracy and benefits，offering valuable reference for integrative construction and development of spatial-temporal reference in cislunar space. Related Articles | Metrics

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System architectures and key technologies of lunar surface communication and navigation infrastructure LI Jionghui, WANG Zijie, BAI Fan, GU Zheng, XIN Pengfei, JIA Min, ZHAO Hongbo, PENG Jing Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (3): 30-42.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0036 Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （6199KB）（305）       Knowledge map    As a significant component of the cislunar space infrastructure（CSI），lunar surface communication and navigation infrastructure（LSCNI） provides more convenient communication networking services for the surface local users within hotspot areas，and also provides reference of surface local positioning and navigation as well as certain positioning，navigation and timing（PNT） capacities.On the basis of trend analysis，overall architectures of lunar surface communication and navigation infrastructure are proposed focusing on the medium and long-term strategic development of current major projects as well as future large-scale lunar activities.The architectures contain the network architecture and the lunar surface-space interfaces.Then，the solutions to some core issues such as lunar frequency planning，radio wave channel modeling，network access，high-speed transmissions，positioning and navigation methods are analyzed.Finally，suggestions for phased construction and technological development roadmap are proposed，providing reference for the planning and construction of communication and navigation systems for future lunar exploration missions. Related Articles | Metrics

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A review of motion control methods of macro/micro space manipulator systems YIN Wang, WANG Xiang, WANG Wei, LIU Dongyu Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (4): 13-23.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0049 Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （5711KB）（376）       Knowledge map    A single manipulator can hardly meet the growing demand for space missions.In order to improve the comprehensive performance of the manipulator system，such as rapid response，high precision and large load，several countries begin to develop macro-micro manipulator systems.The development status of macro-micro manipulators on the International Space Station and Chinese Space Station was reviewed，and the motion control methods were summarized from separated time independent control mode and coordinate control mode.When the macro-micro manipulator adopts the mode of time-separating and independent control，it can be equivalent to a flexible base manipulator system.The control algorithms of flexible structure mounted manipulator systems were researched from the perspectives of optimal reaction control，active damping control and end-point trajectory tracking control.The research provides reference for on-orbit operation of China′s space manipulator.Finally，the future research prospect of dynamic modeling and motion control of space macromicro manipulator were looked into. Related Articles | Metrics

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Internal anti-collision safety analysis of LEO large-scale satellite constellation YUN Chaoming, HU Min, RUAN Yongjing, XUE Wen Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (5): 35-45.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0066 Abstract （255）      PDF（pc） （6196KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Aiming at the collision safety of large-scale constellation satellites in low Earth orbit（LEO），the maximum drift of constellation configuration was studied.Firstly，the minimum phase difference of satellite orbit plane was calculated based on the spherical triangle theory.Secondly，the constellation configuration parameters were studied by using the control variable method.The influence of configuration parameters on the minimum phase difference of constellation satellites was analyzed，and the relationship between the right ascension drift and the minimum phase difference was analyzed.A cooperative design method of constellation configuration parameters based on the minimum phase difference was proposed.Then，based on the relative phase analysis method，the function relationship between the right ascension drift and the phase drift with time was established.Finally，the first phase of Starlink constellation was taken as a reference object to verify the rationality of the collaborative design method of configuration parameters. Related Articles | Metrics

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System design and key technologies of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite CAO Haiyi, ZHANG Xinwei, HUANG Jin, HE Tao, MAO Yilan, LU Qingrong Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (6): 112-124.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0090 Abstract （253）      PDF（pc） （7752KB）（330）       Knowledge map    The Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite（TECIS），nicknamed “Goumang” ，is supported by the China National Civil Space Infrastructure Program.It focuses on evaluating the carbon sink of forests，and is equipped with 4 payloads including Carbon Sinks and Aerosol LIDAR（CASAL），Directional Multi-Spectral Camera（DMC），Fluorescence Spectral Imager（FSI）and Directional Polarization Camera（DPC）.Adopting diversified remote sensing of lidar，multi-direction，multi-spectrum，hyper-spectrum and polarization，aboveground biomass（AGB），solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence（SIF）and aerosol content can be measured quantitatively by the combination of active and passive remote sensing.Retrieval products of TECIS are published after calibration and validation.The precision of forest mean height is better than 1.5m where ground slope is less than 5°.AGB products in regional scale are inspected to be better than 85%.TECIS will provide remote sensing service in investigating the carbon sink，ecological conditions and resources，and evaluating national major ecological projects.It will play a vital role in the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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3D printing densification of lunar regolith simulant LIU Yiwei, ZHANG Xian, WANG Chao, SONG Jian, CHEN Xiong, Yao Wei Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (6): 66-73.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0085 Abstract （221）      PDF（pc） （7898KB）（452）       Knowledge map    The insitu 3D printing of lunar regolith（additive manufacturing）can realize the in-situ construction of the lunar base and the insitu manufacturing of key components，and can greatly reduce the cost and risk of the lunar exploration mission.A selective laser melting lunar regolith simulant experiment system was built to carry out single-track molding experiments to explore the effect of the first powder layer thickness on the densification of the sample，while the width and depth of each track were measured.The results show that the width of the single-track decreases with increasing scanning speed until the width is almost constant.At the same laser power，the single-track depth becomes deeper as the first powder layer thickness increases.The singletrack depth increases and then decreases with the increase in scanning speed.The density of a single-track can reach 2.5g/cm3，and the relative density is 86%.As the scanning speed increases，the density of single-track for different layer thicknesses is stabilized at 1.7g/cm3.When the first layer of powder is thinner，the density of single-track is also slightly higher than other layer thicknesses. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cislunar cloud network：the cross-domain integrated cislunar-spatial network QIAO Liang, LI Chenghao, WANG Shanpeng, LI Jionghui, LIU Lei, XU Yong, YAN Hongcheng, SUN Zhelei Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (3): 43-50.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0037 Abstract （218）      PDF（pc） （5073KB）（237）       Knowledge map    To enhance the service efficiency of cislunar-spatial infrastructure for diverse users and to establish a cross-domain，integrated cislunar-spatial network，the concept of cislunar cloud network is introduced.Interconnecting various constellations and facilities through wireless links，the cislunar cloud network employed the integrated network protocols to facilitate cislunar-spatial networking.The operational deployment of the cislunar-spatial network promised a transformative change for traditional deep-space exploration missions，enabling continuous telemetry，efficient data transmission，and collaborative inter-probe tasks.However，the cislunar cloud network，characterized by high dynamics，significant latency，and strong heterogeneity，poses challenges to cislunar-spatial networking.The development and features of cislunarspatial networks are analyzed，a cislunar cloud network protocol stack is constructed adaptable to cislunar-spatial characteristics and meeting the interconnection needs of future deepspace exploration network nodes.The protocol stack is characterized by integration，universality，layering，intelligence，and internationalization.The design of its data plane and control plane is elaborated on.Additionally，a forward-looking perspective is provided on the future development of the cislunar cloud network protocols. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on distributed energy system of lunar surface research station YUAN Yong, ZHAO Chen, CAO Yan, LIU Zhiqiang, HU Zhenyu Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (6): 32-42.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0081 Abstract （210）      PDF（pc） （3965KB）（272）       Knowledge map    The lunar surface research station is an exploration cluster，which is composed of several exploration units，including lunar surface command and control center，local / lunar to earth communication system，energy system and various exploration units.The energy system is an important part of the lunar research station.In order to efficiently configure，dispatch and operate the energy system，a distributed energy system concept was proposed.Photovoltaic power is mainly used to provide energy during the day，and nuclear power is used at night.The distributed energy system was studied.The power generation capacity，electricity demand，and payload power-using characteristics of each exploration units were fully analyzed.The architecture of lunar power grid was compared and analyzed，and the scheme of star shaped distributed energy system was selected.The concept of 10kW level long-term power supply was proposed，and the system composition was designed.The key technologies and construction methods of the energy system of lunar research station were analyzed，which can be used for the lunar surface research station in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Maintenance system design and verification for space station manipulator end-effector ZHU Chao, ZHANG Wenming, HU Chengwei, TANG Zixin, LIANG Changchun, KONG Xu, LI Delun, WANG Youyu, ZENG Lei, ZHANG Xinrui Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (5): 79-86.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0071 Abstract （210）      PDF（pc） （6685KB）（298）       Knowledge map     Maintenance is very important to extend the life span of the space station robotic arm.Aiming at the maintenance of the end effector of the robotic arm of the space station，the onorbit maintenance and repair tasks that have been completed on the International Space Station were investigated，and a scheme for the maintenance of the end effector of the robotic arm of the space station was proposed.Using the method of four-party collaborative operation，the system was carried out in a specific maintenance area to carry out systematic maintenance of the end effector of the robotic arm.The endeffector fault handling plan，maintenance strategy，maintenance tools，maintenance process and verification method were put forward，and a set of virtual maintenance simulation platform was built.The typical operation actions of the endeffector were verified by maintenance simulation，and the maintenance of the end effector of the manipulator was tested and verified by building a simulated maintenance scene on the ground.The results show that the operability，accessibility，visibility and safety of the maintenance of the end effector of the manipulator all meet the requirements.It can provide design guidance for the followup space station robotic arm maintenance work. Related Articles | Metrics

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DRL-based link planning algorithm for mega constellation satellite and TT&C XI Chao, YANG Bo, WANG Jirong, LI Gong, ZHU Ruijie, YANG Xiao Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (5): 65-70.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0069 Abstract （208）      PDF（pc） （2855KB）（319）       Knowledge map    Aiming at the planning of satellite and TT&C links in mega constellations，an intelligent planning and scheduling algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning was proposed.The resource competition and connection relationship between satellite and TT&C station were considered，the environment state was designed，and the allocation scheme of satellite to TT&C station was generated by sensing the satellite state and combining the action selection strategy.Iterative optimization of the strategy was performed according to the feedback reward value.The proposed algorithm was applied to the satellite and TT&C link planning task of the mega constellation system.The simulation results show that the proposed intelligent algorithm can improve the antenna utilization rate of TT&C station to more than 98%，and can effectively reduce the frequency of antenna switching.The trained model can quickly generate the satellite and TT&C link planning scheme within 30s according to the satellitebased visual window at the future time. Related Articles | Metrics

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Probability estimation and precision analysis of constellation distribution with analytical method LIU Huiliang, SUN Qian, CHU Yao, PENG Fei, JIANG Fan, LYU Hongjian, CAI Yaxing, WANG Ping Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (5): 56-64.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0068 Abstract （205）      PDF（pc） （6430KB）（256）       Knowledge map    With the scale of global loworbit constellations increasing，it is difficult for the conventional timedomain statistical method based on orbit extrapolation to meet the requirement of rapid probabilistic analysis of spatial distribution.Aiming at high efficiency and high precision analysis，a universal analytical expression of satellite constellation probability distribution was proposed and derived.The expectation of satellite in the field of view（FOV） of earth terminal was introduced for the first time.The applicability of the analytical algorithm for largescale constellation with different configurations was systematically verified.By comparing the results with the timedomain statistical method based on orbit extrapolation，the calculation accuracy was discussed.When the cell radius of FOV is equal to 10°，the error is less than 3.1%；when the cell radius is decreased to 2°，the error is less than 0.1%.In addition，the calculation accuracy of hybrid configuration constellation scenario under different latitudes was analyzed，which provides a theoretical foundation and efficient analytical method for analyzing the distribution of satellite constellation globally. Related Articles | Metrics