中国空间科学技术

中国空间科学技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 16-25.doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2026.0073

• 深空与月球导航技术专题 • 上一篇    下一篇

月球标准时间及其三个循序渐进阶段的建议

刘民1,2,*，平劲松3,4，王乾娟1,2，余和真2   

  1. 1.北京东方计量测试研究所，北京100086
    2.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室（空间计量技术），北京100086
    3.中国科学院国家天文台，北京100101
    4.中国科学院大学，北京100094
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-17 修回日期:2026-05-24 录用日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-09-23 出版日期:2026-09-30

A proposal of lunar standard time and its three progressive stages

LIU Min1,2,*，PING Jinsong3,4，WANG Qianjuan1,2，YU Hezhen2   

  1. 1.Beijing Orient Institute of Metrology and Test, Beijing 100094, China
    2.Key Laboratory of Space Metrology Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100094, China
    3.National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    4.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100101，China
  • Received:2026-04-17 Revision received:2026-05-24 Accepted:2026-06-15 Online:2026-09-23 Published:2026-09-30

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摘要： 介绍了月球标准时间问题的由来，用广义相对论和4维时空同时性原理，定义局域标准时间。为实现月球时间的统一，考虑三步走的递进阶段：第一阶段依赖地球上的标准时间进行溯源,适用于月球表面和轨道尚没有确定的时钟，不具备在月球本地复现时间单位的情况；第二阶段适用于月球表面存在至少1台能复现国际单位制（SI）秒的时钟，被计量管理机构授权为月球本地时间基准，本地时钟产生的原时经过转换变为坐标时后，广播授时，此阶段月球标准时间独立于地球；第三阶段适用于至少4台及以上守时装置布设在月球空间和月面的情况，采用去中心化的守时和授时方法，将时间标准溯源到约定的规则上，计量管理机构不直接授权时间基准，而是分配守时装置编号，维护约定规则。时间用户从广播的时间戳信息中解算本地时间和位置，与当前的全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）的理论基本相同。月球标准时间将独立于地球上的标准时间，为满足两地时间用户需要，守时装置还应不断观测并发布两地坐标时的对照表，以及地球和月面历法对照表。所述的三个阶段，将为确立《月球标准时间定义》计量技术规范提供支撑。

关键词: 月球时间, 守时装置, 授时装置, 去中心化守时, 四维时空同时性

Abstract: This paper introduces the development of the lunar standard time and its definition based on general relativity and the simultaneity principle in four-dimensional spacetime. A three-step progressive approach is proposed to realize a coordinated lunar time. The primary step, with standard time on the earth ground adopted for traceability, applies to those without clocks deployed on lunar ground or in orbit thus unable to represent time unit on the moon. The intermediate step, with proper time of local clocks converted into coordinated time and an independent lunar standard time provided for time service, applies to those with at least 1 clock on the lunar ground representing SI second and are authorized as lunar local time reference by metrological administration. The advanced step, with time standard traced to an agreed convention by decentralized time keeping and broadcasting, time reference is not directly authorized anymore but replaced with different time keeping apparatus ID. This step applies to those with at least 4 time keeping devices deployed in lunar space or on the lunar ground. Users could obtain local time and position information from broadcast timestamps, and this mechanism is basically consistent with the existing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) theories. Lunar standard time operates independently of Earth standard time. To meet the demand of users on both celestial bodies, timekeeping devices shall continuously monitor and release coordinate time comparison tables as well as terrestrial and lunar calendars. Those timekeeping methods in the three steps mentioned above provide theoretical reference for metrological specifications concerning the “Definition of Lunar Standard Time”.

Key words: moon time, timekeeping device, time service device, decentralized timekeeping, four-dimensional spacetime simultaneity