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25 December 2023, Volume 43 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Research and prospect of scientific exploration for Jovian system ZOU Xin, PENG Jing, MIAO Yuanming 2023, 43 (6):  1-10.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0078 Abstract ( 511 )   PDF (3340KB) ( 873 )   Save In order to make a better plan for China′s scientific exploration for Jovian system，the development status of foreign Jovian system exploration missions were investigated and analyzed.Among the nine space missions that explored Jupiter and its satellites so far，seven are flyby missions.The other two are Galileo and Juno particularly for Jupiter.The Scientific goals，payloads configuration and exploration results were extracted and generalized.The mission characteristics and enlightenment of scientific exploration for Jovian system were obtained.Finally，on the basis of the above analysis and pending problems，the primary mission layout and prospect of scientific exploration for Jovian system in China were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and prospect on autonomous path planning for lunar based equipment WANG Zhongxu, LU Yanan, ZHOU Yan, WEN Shifeng, ZHOU Cheng 2023, 43 (6):  11-24.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0079 Abstract ( 259 )   PDF (14918KB) ( 364 )   Save Considering the complexity of extreme lunar environments and the high cost of lunar exploration，using highly automated lunar based equipment for tasks such as lunar exploration，material transportation and base construction is the best choice.The autonomous movement of lunar based equipment relies on path planning.Therefore，based on the impact of extreme lunar environments and complex terrain on the autonomous movement of lunar based equipment，aiming at the autonomous path planning problem of lunar based equipment，four commonly used algorithms for global path planning are described：heuristic algorithm，sampling based algorithm，graph search based algorithm，and artificial intelligence algorithm，as well as two main local path planning methods：vision based path planning method and laser radar based path planning method.The advantages，disadvantages，and application scenarios of existing autonomous path planning methods for lunar based equipments from home and abroad are summarized，and the development trend of autonomous path planning for lunar based equipment is prospected，providing a reference for the design and application of future lunar based equipment. Related Articles | Metrics

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New methods for studying the composition of asteroids CHENG Yaping, YANG Yong, GUO Wanlei 2023, 43 (6):  25-31.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0080 Abstract ( 185 )   PDF (2973KB) ( 316 )   Save Asteroids carry information on the original composition of the solar system at the beginning of its formation.They are the living fossils for the study of the origin of the solar system.Some asteroids contain elements such as rare earths and metals，and the exploration of the material composition of asteroids is a prerequisite for space resource utilization.The current means of studying the composition of celestial bodies，such as spectral analysis and laboratory sample analysis，have problems such as noninsitu measurement，poor accuracy and susceptibility to contamination.The gamma ray induced by galactic cosmic ray may serve as a promising method to identify the composition of asteroids insitu.The gamma spectra induced by 0.1s cosmic ray irradiation were studied，and the characteristic gamma spectra of iron and oxygen were demonstrated，which are consistent with the authoritative nuclear database.The deconvolution of the simulated gamma spectra of S-type asteroids was performed using maximum likelihood estimation，and the deconvolution results are in good agreement with the true values.The absolute errors of element mass percentages are less than 5%.The method also shows an ultra-high sensitivity and can detect elements with low mass percentages as low as 3%.The method is also applicable to non-atmospheric objects，such as the Moon or Mars，to understand the material composition of the celestial bodies，therefore serving the engineering goals for space resources exploitation.In addition，based on the scientific data from a gamma spectrometer payload，it is possible to understand the geological history of the celestial bodies and to help answer the question of the solar system evolution. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on distributed energy system of lunar surface research station YUAN Yong, ZHAO Chen, CAO Yan, LIU Zhiqiang, HU Zhenyu 2023, 43 (6):  32-42.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0081 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (3965KB) ( 447 )   Save The lunar surface research station is an exploration cluster，which is composed of several exploration units，including lunar surface command and control center，local / lunar to earth communication system，energy system and various exploration units.The energy system is an important part of the lunar research station.In order to efficiently configure，dispatch and operate the energy system，a distributed energy system concept was proposed.Photovoltaic power is mainly used to provide energy during the day，and nuclear power is used at night.The distributed energy system was studied.The power generation capacity，electricity demand，and payload power-using characteristics of each exploration units were fully analyzed.The architecture of lunar power grid was compared and analyzed，and the scheme of star shaped distributed energy system was selected.The concept of 10kW level long-term power supply was proposed，and the system composition was designed.The key technologies and construction methods of the energy system of lunar research station were analyzed，which can be used for the lunar surface research station in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of instrumental polarization on high contrast imaging of space interferometer YUAN Shu, JIANG Aimin 2023, 43 (6):  43-50.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0082 Abstract ( 165 )   PDF (7705KB) ( 215 )   Save To realize the baseline motion and phrase control，many folding mirrors are used in optical trains of space stellar interferometers.The folding optical trains usually have very strong instrumental polarization.It causes polarization aberrations and thus decrease of imaging quality and fringe contrast of interferometers when the polarization properties for each arm aren′t identical to each other.So it is very necessary to analyze the polarization properties and optimize the polarization design of interferometers.A model of interferometric imaging of synthesis aperture system was built，considering the effect of instrumental polarization.The simulation method based on polarization ray tracing and the vectorial Fourier transform was developed to calculate the polarized interference fringe.An example Fizeau interferometer with three apertures was defined to implement the simulation.The result shows that the instrumental polarization of the given interferometer comes mainly from the delay line in each arm，which is composed of four diagonal mirrors.The profile and contrast of fringe are sensitive to the azimuthal angle of the incident plane of delay line.Setting the incident planes parallel to each other can decrease the polarization aberrations significantly，and making the imaging quality much closer to the ideal case.But in the visible band，this configuration can′t improve the fringe contrast to the required level for exoplanet detection.Generally，the instrumental polarization is an important factor of optical design of space interferometer.The polarization-optimized optical design is very necessary for these missions which pursue the astronomical high contrast imaging. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on ground matching experiments for small-scale weak intensity turbulent combustion KONG Wenjun, ZHAO Ruolin, YUAN Zhiwei 2023, 43 (6):  51-57.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0083 Abstract ( 139 )   PDF (5829KB) ( 176 )   Save The study of small-scale，weak-intensity turbulent combustion is one of the experimental projects conducted in the combustion science rack during the construction of China′s space station.Ground matching experiments were carried out to verify the compatibility of the combustion interface in space station turbulent combustion experiments and to determine the experimental conditions.The constraints of the space combustion science rack were outlined and a burner was designed specifically for studying the small-scale，weak-intensity turbulent combustion in the space station combustion science rack.A ground experimental system was established，and PIV was used to measure the turbulence of the combustion flow field.The experimental results indicate that as the mesh grid increases，the maximum turbulence intensity at the outlet decreases.The inflow velocity of the premixed gas has only a weak influence on the relative turbulence intensity in the flame，indicating that this type of turbulence in the flame is caused by small-scale vortices.Different equivalence ratio experimental results show that the turbulence intensity inside the flame is significantly higher than that in the inflow premixed gas and the combustion product region.Matching experiments were conducted using the designed burner in the combustion experiment cabinet，demonstrating the successful compatibility and ignition of the designed burner. Related Articles | Metrics

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In-situ observation of lunar regolith powder bed melting by a millimeter-scale laser spot SHEN Tianrun, QUAN Xiaojun, YAO Wei 2023, 43 (6):  58-65.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0084 Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (9840KB) ( 207 )   Save The formation of continuous melt tracks through a low-power beam for powder bed fusion is hindered by the inadequate thermal conductivity exhibited by a loose powder bed.To increase the depth of energy penetration during the solar convergent molten lunar soil printing process，an in-situ observation study of the melt pool formation process was conducted when a large-sized spot melted a simulated lunar soil powder bed.To simulate the concentrating spot of sunlight，the laser spot was expanded to millimeter scale and impacted directly on the surface of a thick powder bed lacking a substrate.Using a technique of high-speed imaging，the development of melting droplets was observed.The partially melted surface powder was discovered to exhibit a large-scale interparticle cooperation referred to as the “wrapping” process.In this process，the powder bed's surface layer was rolled up，separated from the powder bed，and joined to the molten droplet，resulting in a growth that is discontinuous.The growth law of melting droplet size was investigated and compared with experimental results based on the energy conservation relationship between the spot and the heating of the powder bed.The results indicate that melt droplets generated by a low-power，largespot laser cannot extend beyond the range of the spot.The higher the power density，the less complete the powder melting while a wrapping process occurs，which increases the energy efficiency of this operation.The utilization of the wrapping mechanism effectively overcomes the constraint posed by the low thermal conductivity，particularly in the context of lunar soil powder bed fusion technology.This mechanism enables the direct printing of melting tracks on substantial powder beds. Related Articles | Metrics

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3D printing densification of lunar regolith simulant LIU Yiwei, ZHANG Xian, WANG Chao, SONG Jian, CHEN Xiong, Yao Wei 2023, 43 (6):  66-73.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0085 Abstract ( 404 )   PDF (7266KB) ( 643 )   Save The in-situ 3D printing of lunar regolith（additive manufacturing）can realize the in-situ construction of the lunar base and the in-situ manufacturing of key components，and can greatly reduce the cost and risk of the lunar exploration mission.A selective laser melting lunar regolith simulant experiment system was built to carry out single-track molding experiments to explore the effect of laser power，scanning speed，and the thickness of the first powder layer on sample densification，while the width and depth of each track were measured.The results show that the width of the single-track decreases with increasing scanning speed until the width is almost constant.At the same laser power，the single-track depth becomes deeper as the first powder layer thickness increases.The single-track depth increases and then decreases with the increase in scanning speed.The density of a single-track can reach 2.5g/cm3，and the relative density is 86%.As the scanning speed increases，the density of single-track for different layer thicknesses is stabilized at 1.7g/cm3.When the first layer of powder is thinner，the density of single-track is also slightly higher than other layer thicknesses.The date will provide essential suport for in-situ construction technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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DC electrical ignition characteristic of multimode ionic liquid propellant 2023, 43 (6):  74-82.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0086 Abstract ( 157 )   PDF (9387KB) ( 216 )   Save DC electrical ignition is expected to replace the traditional catalytic combustion for achieving a noncatalytic quick start of ionic liquid propellant due to its capability of rapid ignition.Direct current ignition experiments under atmospheric conditions were carried out for a new multimode hydroxylamine nitrate(HAN) based ionic liquid propellant.First，the electrical response characteristic of sacrificial electrodes（copper and aluminum）and inert electrodes（stainless steel，platinum，silver，tungsten，molybdenum，and graphite）were tested under different input voltages.The corresponding minimum ignition voltages for different electrode materials were also obtained.Among them，molybdenum and copper electrodes can employ an input voltage of 80V to ignite the propellant，with a critical electrical response time of less than 1s.Furthermore，the mechanism of electrochemical reactions was demonstrated when copper was used as a sacrificial electrode by testing various combinations of anode and cathode materials.Finally，highspeed photography was employed to capture the formation and evolution of bubbles during the electrical ignition.It is found that more bubbles were generated on the surface of the anode.After testing the ignition of imidazolebased ionic liquid propellants using eight electrode materials，it can be concluded that the gaseous products were mainly generated near the anode，providing theoretical support for the design of ignition of ionic liquid. Related Articles | Metrics

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Extraterrestrial hydrogen production technology based on bionic functional water splitting devices ZHANG Ce, YANG Jinlu, YIN Zhao, HU Botao, XIONG Jinsong, WANG Zhaolong, ZHAO Junkai, YAO Wei 2023, 43 (6):  83-90.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0087 Abstract ( 176 )   PDF (9892KB) ( 275 )   Save Aiming at the scientific and technical issues of low hydrogen production efficiency and microgravity environmental adaptation faced by extraterrestrial water splitting，this study adopts an innovative approach of photosynthesis to optimize the hydrogen evolution reaction and gas-liquid separation process.To solve the problems of traditional noble metal-based catalysts，such as high cost and difficult to fabricate ideal micro- and nano- structured electrodes，an ultrathin two-dimensional mesh structure of cobalt phosphide/cobalt hydroxide（CoPOH）composite catalyst was designed and prepared.The overpotential of the composite catalyst was only 12mV and the Tafel slope was only 61.2mV/dec at a current density of 10mA/cm2，and the overpotential of the composite catalyst only increased 26mV after 1000 cycles of cyclic voltammetry testing，indicating that the composite catalyst can effectively improve the hydrogen production rate and energy conversion efficiency as well as outstanding stability.Furthermore，using the projection microstereolithography（PμSL）3D printing technique and mimicking the superhydrophobic surface of the legs of water striders，a kind of Janus functional interface was successfully prepared.The interface enabled different kinds of gases to pass quickly in the opposite direction to gravity，and the time for a bubble to pass through the membrane was about 2.4ms.Based on the excellent gas-liquid separation characteristics of this interface，a functional device for hydrogen production from water splitting was designed to overcome the problems caused by gas diffusion and mixing of multiple products in the traditional hydrogen production processes.In the microgravity environment，hydrogen is difficult to desorb and transport quickly on the electrode surface，which significantly affects the reaction efficiency.The functional interface prepared in this study allows the gas to penetrate rapidly in the direction of gravity，providing an effective solution to overcome the challenges of gas desorption and separation on the interface of multi-phase reaction in the extraterrestrial environment.This study developed a functional device for extraterrestrial hydrogen production by preparing a composite catalyst with excellent catalytic performance and a biomimetic functional interface adapted to the microgravity environment.It not only suggests theoretical and experimental basis for the utilization of extraterrestrial in-situ resources，but also supports a solution for the design of hydrogen evolution reaction device in the construction of extraterrestrial carbon-hydrogen-oxygen closed material system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of circumlunar emergency return trajectory based on two parameters DONG Tianshan, HAN Chao 2023, 43 (6):  91-99.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0088 Abstract ( 151 )   PDF (3128KB) ( 199 )   Save For crewed lunar missions，circumlunar emergency return trajectory is a vital way to ensure the crew′s safety for the period near the moon of earth-moon transfer.A design method for circumlunar emergency return trajectory was proposed by introducing two parameters，the perilune altitude and the perilune time，considering the characteristics of high nonlinearity and high sensitivity of the circumlunar emergency return trajectory.Based on the pseudo-state theory and Quasi-Lambert problem，a simple and effective model was developed in this method，so that the heavy numerical iteration of the traditional trajectory design process was avoided.And a high-precision design result was realized efficiently.Further，the two parameters were applied to establish an ergodic representation of circumlunar emergency return trajectories under fixed abort point and basic reentry constraints，and the characteristics of the feasible circumlunar emergency return trajectory changing with parameters were studied.These offer a global view of all feasible circumlunar emergency return trajectories and provide a reference for translunar trajectory selection in subsequent crewed lunar missions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and analysis of sustainable lunar water resources extraction and utilization YANG Yang, WANG Qinggong, WANG Chao, YAO We 2023, 43 (6):  100-111.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0089 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (9362KB) ( 380 )   Save The extraction and utilization of water ice resources in the lunar polar region is one of the important supporting technologies for the construction and sustainable operation of lunar bases.The development and utilization plan，implementation plan and development trend of water ice resources in the lunar polar region at home and abroad were investigated.Based on the selection of the work site in the permanently shaded regions of the lunar south pole，a system of sustainable lunar water resources extraction and utilization was proposed.The system is composed of three parts：mobile base vehicle，mobile in-situ drilling vehicle and mobile mirror set.It has the ability of flexible arrangement to continuously extract water ice resources in the shadow craters.The material flow and energy flow of the designed scheme were calculated and modeled，and the program analysis was carried out.The calculation results show that improving the solar energy transfer efficiency，photoelectric conversion efficiency，heating efficiency，and electrolysis efficiency，as well as improving the initial water ice content when it is lower than 5.0%，can significantly reduce the total energy consumption of the system task.Reducing the initial temperature of the icy lunar soil and the improvement of water purification efficiency have a negligible increase in the total energy consumption of the mission.The system design and analysis results can provide a reference for China's lunar base mission. Related Articles | Metrics

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System design and key technologies of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite CAO Haiyi, ZHANG Xinwei, HUANG Jin, HE Tao, MAO Yilan, LU Qingrong 2023, 43 (6):  112-124.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0090 Abstract ( 432 )   PDF (7752KB) ( 513 )   Save The Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite（TECIS），nicknamed “Goumang” ，is supported by the China National Civil Space Infrastructure Program.It focuses on evaluating the carbon sink of forests，and is equipped with 4 payloads including Carbon Sinks and Aerosol LIDAR（CASAL），Directional Multi-Spectral Camera（DMC），Fluorescence Spectral Imager（FSI）and Directional Polarization Camera（DPC）.Adopting diversified remote sensing of lidar，multi-direction，multi-spectrum，hyper-spectrum and polarization，aboveground biomass（AGB），solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence（SIF）and aerosol content can be measured quantitatively by the combination of active and passive remote sensing.Retrieval products of TECIS are published after calibration and validation.The precision of forest mean height is better than 1.5m where ground slope is less than 5°.AGB products in regional scale are inspected to be better than 85%.TECIS will provide remote sensing service in investigating the carbon sink，ecological conditions and resources，and evaluating national major ecological projects.It will play a vital role in the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrieval of fine-mode aerosol based on Directional Polarimetric Camera onboard Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite XIE Yisong, FAN Lanlan, LI Zhengqiang, HONG Jin, LIN Jun, ZHENG Yang, DONG Jiantao, QIE Lili, MA Yan, ZHANG Luo, WANG Yi, TU Bihai, ZHU Mengyao 2023, 43 (6):  125-134.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0091 Abstract ( 242 )   PDF (6710KB) ( 353 )   Save Fine-mode aerosol optical depth is a key parameter required for atmospheric environment monitoring and climate change assessment.Directional Polarimetric Camera（DPC） onboard the Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite（CM-1）launched in August 2022 was systematically introduced.A major improvement of DPC/CM-1 over other DPC sensors is that the nadir spatial resolution increased from 3.3km to 2.4km.According to the sensor and data characteristics of DPC/CM-1，a cloud detection method based on polarimetric and spectral/spatial texture characteristics was developed，and the multi-angle observation was coupled to achieve strict cloud pixel identification.The results of DPC/CM-1 cloud detection show that this method has good detection effect for bright surface such as desert areas，dark surface such as vegetation and hill areas，and the sun-glint and non-sun-glint areas over ocean.An improved fine-mode aerosol optical depth（FAOD）retrieval algorithm was developed.The FAOD retrievals were verified by the data of Aerosol Robotic Network.The validation results show that the slope of the fitted line reaches more than 0.95，and nearly 73% of the observed data are distributed within the expected error，indicating the reliability of the retrieval algorithm.The retrieval results of FAOD clearly show the spatial distribution characteristics of global FAOD.The high FAOD regions（reaching 0.7 to 0.9）mainly include India and Central Africa，where the high fine particle aerosol contents are probably due to the dense population distribution，strong industrial/agricultural emissions and biomass combustion.The preliminary retrieval results of DPC/CM1 during the in-orbit test phase show its potential for atmospheric environment monitoring and pollution transport analysis，especially when combined with its high spatial resolution，providing fine-scale atmospheric parameter retrieval results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Large dynamic laser detection technology of lidar mounted on terrestrial ecological carbon satellite PENG Huan, NI Jianjun, SUN Li, YANG Jukui, ZHANG Jingtao 2023, 43 (6):  135-141.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0092 Abstract ( 180 )   PDF (4926KB) ( 314 )   Save The terrestrial ecosystem carbon monitoring satellite is China′s first satellite with forestry remote sensing as its main application.The satellite is equipped with a 5-beam full waveform sampling lidar based on the pulse time-flight ranging system.In order to meet the high fidelity，large dynamic and high precision measurement of forestry，a dual-channel laser detection system with “fixed gain + variable gain” was designed.The detection system has the characteristics of high bandwidth（80MHz），high sampling rate（1.2GHz），high quantization bits（12bit），and the dynamic range covers more than 40dB to ensure the undistorted recording of the laser signal.Based on highly stable（10-8）constant crystal oscillator，the time measuring unit achieved measuring accuracy better than 300ps through efficient waveform extraction and high-precision centroid extraction algorithm.The relative delay of dual-channel laser detection system was calibrated，and the fusion application of dual-channel data was proposed.The lidar has been running for 1 year，and the accuracy of ranging is better than 0.15m. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and verification of the spectrometer on “Gou Mang” satellite JING Yazhou, DUAN Pengfei, LI Bicen, WANG Weigang, AN Ning, XIA Chenhui, CUI Bolun 2023, 43 (6):  142-149.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0093 Abstract ( 216 )   PDF (4846KB) ( 290 )   Save With the proposal of the Double Carbon target，the development of quantitative remote sensing technology for carbon monitoring is increasingly urgent.The detection of solarinduced fluorescence can be used as an important means to evaluate the actual photosynthesis effect of vegetation and the carbon cycle efficiency.This paper introduces the performance indicators，design scheme，system composition，verification results and in-orbit operation of the spectrometer on the “Gou Mang” satellite.The spectrometer is a precise optical instrument for solar-induced fluorescence detection.The system adopts a design scheme of pushbroom imaging and grating dispersion spectroscopy.After testing and verification，the spectral resolution is better than 0.3nm，and the ground pixel resolution reaches 1.5km.Under typical input radiance conditions，the system SNR is better than 500，and all indicators meet or exceed the detection task requirements.It has high spectral resolution，high SNR and high stability detection capability.Its good performance will play an important role in vegetation monitoring and carbon cycle applications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of space-borne atmospheric detection lidar based on dual-wavelength polarization detection ZHAO Yiming, LI Fei, PAN Chao, LI Jing, YU Yong, LI Lianghai 2023, 43 (6):  150-159.  doi: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0094 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (7086KB) ( 291 )   Save To obtain atmospheric profile of the whole world，and solve the problem that environment monitor was always restricted to a certain area，a spaceborne atmospheric detection lidar was designed.This lidar working on satellite uses a 532nm and 1064nm dual-wavelength laser combined with polarization detection method to obtain profile，particle size，particle shape of aerosol and cloud，and can research the requirement of three-dimensional spatial distribution detection of clouds and aerosols around the world which will improve atmospheric monitoring system.The space-borne atmospheric detection lidar used ultra-stable laser resonator to get 110mJ laser output，and used space-borne plane etalon to get 40pm filter bandwidth，and used high-precision pointing controller that pointing accuracy of laser beam was less than 5μrad.Finally，the paper gives test data of atmospheric vertical profiles under 15km attitude obtained by a space-borne atmospheric detection lidar which shows dominant position of the lidar on atmospheric detection. Related Articles | Metrics