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Cloud detection methods for remote sensing images：a survey LIU Zili, YANG Jiajun, WANG Wenjing, SHI Zhenwei Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (1): 1-17.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0001 Abstract （1041）      PDF（pc） （3043KB）（1723）       Knowledge map     The cloud cover in the optical remote sensing images will obscure the ground information in different degrees，which causes the blurring and missing of the surface observation information and greatly affects the imaging quality of remote sensing images.Therefore，the detection and evaluation of cloud cover in remote sensing images are the basis and key to further analyze and utilize remote sensing image information.Through sufficient investigation and summary，the development trend and representative work of cloud detection methods based on remote sensing images at home and abroad since the 1990s were combed.Cloud detection methods based on remote sensing images were divided into three categories：methods based on band threshold，methods based on classical machine learning and methods based on deep learning.Besides，the public datasets at home and abroad used in the related research on cloud detection were summarized，and the accuracy of some representative cloud detection methods was compared.In addition to the vanilla cloud detection method，the cloud/fog（haze）detection，cloud/snow detection，cloud shadow detection and cloud removal methods related to cloud detection were also briefly combed.Based on the review and summary of cloud detection work above，the existing problems and future development trends of cloud detection were analyzed and prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development status and prospect of satellite-based surveying YANG Yuanxi, WANG Jianrong, LOU Liangsheng, SUN Zhongmiao, XIAO Yun, MIAO Yuzhe Chinese Space Science and Technology    2022, 42 (3): 1-9.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2022.0031 Abstract （883）      PDF（pc） （918KB）（877）       Knowledge map    Satellite-based surveying is the main platform of global fundamental surveying, including satellite topographic survey, satellite gravimetry, satellite magnetic measuring, satellite altimetry, etc. The developments of satellite-based measuring projects have experienced “return type measuring satellite project”, “transmission type measuring satellite project” and some of “loads integration measuring satellite project”. This paper firstly reviews the development history and current situation of international satellite-based surveying projects, then analyzes the roles of China′s satellite-based surveying projects in various stages, including some existing problems. Finally, the ideas for the future development of satellite-based surveying are put forward. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research of thrust measurement for space electric propulsion ZHANG Lupeng, YANG Xin, CHANG Lei, XU Qian, ZHOU Haishan, LUO Guangnan Chinese Space Science and Technology    2022, 42 (3): 25-38.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2022.0033 Abstract （513）      PDF（pc） （8286KB）（836）       Knowledge map     Accurate measurement of thrust is very important in the development and planning of space electric propulsion.In recent years,with the increasing of complexity and task difficulty for electric propulsion,higher requirements are put forward for the evaluation techniques and methods of thrust performance.In response to this demand,a review of the thrust measurement for space electric propulsion was presented.Measurement methods and the underlying mechanisms,technical features and applications were covered.The methods of thrust measurement can be divided into direct measurement and indirect measurement.The former mainly includes balance structure,torsional pendulum,suspension and inverted pendulum,while the latter mainly includes target and cantilever beam.The advantages and disadvantages of these measurement methods were summarized and compared,which provided a reference for developers to design the thrust measuring system.The key problems in the five segments including system design,system calibration,system response,system response measurement and calculation of thrust during the process of thrust measurement were described in detail,and the corresponding improvement methods were proposed.To serve as a reference for future thrust measurement research,suggestions were also provided by considering the development trend of electric propulsion and its demand of thrust measurement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and prospect in planetary exploration of solar system YANG Mengfei, ZHENG Yanhong, NI Yanshuo, HUANG Xiaofeng, ZHANG Zhengfeng, XING Zhuoyi Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (5): 1-12.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0063 Abstract （525）      PDF（pc） （10199KB）（694）       Knowledge map    Planetary exploration is an important means of humans to understand the universe.With the continuous development of space technology，major space countries have carried out more than 100 planetary exploration activities in the solar system.Humans have realized the flyby，orbiting，lander，rover and sample return missions of solar system.Based on the implemented planetary exploration activities and upcoming missions，the main scientific issues and discoveries of planetary exploration were summarized.And the development tendency of planetary exploration was analyzed.According to the recent development plan of planetary exploration in China，a medium to longterm conceiving route and flagship mission have been proposed.It can provide support for the planning of future planetary exploration missions in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and prospect of spacecraft reconfiguration technology PENG Qibo, WU Xinfeng, WANG Beichao, LI Shuang Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (2): 16-31.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0017 Abstract （501）      PDF（pc） （6523KB）（647）       Knowledge map     Spacecraft reconfiguration technology is the key technology that must be broken through for the in-orbit service of spacecraft and other major space missions，having a profound effect on the design，research and development of new spacecraft systems.Firstly，the connotation and classification of the spacecraft reconfiguration were presented.Then，the domestic and overseas research status of the technology was systematically concluded and discussed based on main structure reconfiguration and other typical technologies.Next，the system of the spacecraft reconfiguration technology was proposed based on the methods such as standardized modular design，and then application prospects were summarized in the aspects such as supporting fault elimination of spacecraft.Finally，overall research progress of the reconfiguration technology was concluded，and future development was also expected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the first stage deployment of Starlink constellation based on TLE XUE Wen, HU Min, RUAN Yongjing, YUN Chaoming, SUN Tianyu Chinese Space Science and Technology    2022, 42 (5): 24-33.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2022.0064 Abstract （557）      PDF（pc） （7069KB）（572）       Knowledge map     In recent years，with the rapid development of satellite technology and the increasing demand for low earth orbit（LEO）satellite broadband internet construction，the development of LEO large-scale constellations is changing rapidly.Aiming at the initial deployment of Starlink constellation，firstly，the current status of the Starlink constellation was discussed，and the altitude changes of orbiting satellites were analysed.Then，the deployment of the Starlink constellation was briefly analyzed from two aspects by utilizing the public two-line element（TLE），including satellite being launched into orbit and orbital plane distribution，and the changing rule of ascending node was given.At the same time，the ground coverage performance of the Starlink constellation was simulated and analyzed.Finally，the constellation orbital planes and phase distribution，handling of the faulty satellites，and the number of visible satellites were obtained.The results of the analysis are expected to provide reference for China′s future deployment of large-scale LEO constellations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Space robotic manipulation: a multi-task learning perspective LI Linfeng, XIE Yongchun Chinese Space Science and Technology    2022, 42 (3): 10-24.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2022.0032 Abstract （728）      PDF（pc） （3443KB）（521）       Knowledge map    It is a technological development trend in recent years to apply space robot in place of spaceman to perform on-orbit service tasks. Using deep neural network controller, the learning-based space robotic manipulation has shown good potential in adaptability to the unstructured space environments and applicability in fileds such as high earth orbit, extraterrestrial planet exploration, etc. At present, a large number of studies focus on single task robotic manipulation learning problems, for either onground robots or in-space robots. From a new perspective of multi-task learning, a thorough literature review on multi-task robot learning was made, including algorithms and robotic applications therein. To further apply the state-of-the-art multi-task robot learning algorthms, main technical challenges were analyzed and suggestions on key technology development were given. The breakthrough of the above challenges will increase the overall autonomy and robustness level of the space robot system, which is expected to further facilitate the development of China′s on-orbit service towards completely unmanned autonomy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and prospect of lunar resources exploitation and utilization YANG Mengfei, ZOU Zhigang, WANG Weihua, YAO Wei, WANG Qinggong Chinese Space Science and Technology    2024, 44 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0001 Abstract （385）      PDF（pc） （4467KB）（519）       Knowledge map    With the implementation of the Chang′E-5 mission in 2020，the three phases of China lunar exploration program，namely orbiting，landing and returning，have been completed.Next，the International Lunar Research Station（ILRS）will be established at the lunar south pole by 2030，and a lunar base will be planned later.It is a new era of exploitation and utilization of the Moon，in which a vast tasks should be completed.In this paper，we summarized some important progresses of investigation of lunar resources in the past，including lunar resource exploration，analysis of lunar volatiles，mineral extraction，and material construction by 3D printing of lunar regolith.Then，we proposed future tasks for the exploitation of the lunar resources.The main challenges of the Moon，such as the extreme lunar environment，unique properties of lunar regolith，and autonomous control of the process，were considered.The views in this paper can be referenced for future scientific researches and engineering tasks in the field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and prospect of on-orbit additive manufacturing technology LIU Jie, SHI Yun, CUI Yutao, HOU Juan, ZHANG Kai, HUANG Aijun Chinese Space Science and Technology    2022, 42 (6): 23-34.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2022.0080 Abstract （440）      PDF（pc） （5450KB）（495）       Knowledge map    In-space additive manufacturing technology is a “space 3D” printing technology，which has attracted major attention due to its application in on-orbit manufacturing and space base additive manufacturing.The basic concepts were introduced and the progress of space on-orbit additive manufacturing technology in the world was summarized.With the requirement of space stations and on-orbit spacecraft，the significant challenge of in-space additive manufacturing was the raw materials，printing technology and equipment.This was attributed to the unique feature of the space environment，including microgravity and high vacuum，etc. Finally，based on the current development status，requirements，and possible implementation paths of in-space onorbit manufacturing technology，the development direction of in-space additive manufacturing was pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of the research on spacecraft end-of-life de-orbit technology KANG Huifeng, MEI Tianyu, XIA Guangqing, WANG Xiaoyang, FAN Yipeng, LU Chang Chinese Space Science and Technology    2022, 42 (5): 11-23.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2022.0063 Abstract （289）      PDF（pc） （2258KB）（488）       Knowledge map    To purify the space environment，the existing spacecraft de-orbit technologies were analyzed for the spacecraft de-orbit problem at the lifetime end.The research status of spacecraft end-of-life de-orbit technologies was introduced.The characteristics and applicability of various de-orbit methods were summarized.Then the development trends and key technologies of various de-orbit methods were analyzed，and the development suggestions for the de-orbit technologies at the lifetime end of the spacecraft were put forward.The results show that the spacecraft end-of-life de-orbit technologies can de-orbit spacecraft within 25 years，but the reliability of de-orbit device，the stability of deorbit，the deorbit time of spacecraft and the aftertreatment can still be greatly improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Domain control strategy for the large-scale satellite cluster LI Ning, YUE Chengfei, GUO Haibo, QIU Shi, CAO Xibin Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (1): 18-28.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0002 Abstract （393）      PDF（pc） （6485KB）（482）       Knowledge map    In large-scale satellite constellations，single node management and control will lead to poor system connectivity and high dependence on ground resources.A distributed domain control strategy for satellite constellations with hierarchical management，intradomain autonomy and dynamic maintenance was proposed.Firstly，both the static index and dynamic index to measure the governability were defined.According to the newly-defined indexes，a multi-factor weighted cluster head selection method was proposed.Then，based on the selected cluster head node，a cascading optimal initialization algorithm of the cluster was established.Aiming at dynamic maintaining of the established cluster control structure，an event-triggered dynamic time slice domain control method was proposed.Finally，control simulation result of the proposed method in the case of LEO large-scale satellite constellation verifies the effectiveness of cluster head selection，cluster initialization and long-time maintaining.The number of satellites which were managed through ground station was reduced to 14%.High dependence on ground resources was resolved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of advanced electric propulsion technology for cislunar and deep space exploration WU Chenchen, GENG Hai, WANG Zitong, LI Detian Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (5): 13-23.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0064 Abstract （278）      PDF（pc） （7207KB）（417）       Knowledge map    Space electric propulsion is the key technology of cislunar and deep space exploration.Space electric propulsion technology，one of the key technology of cislunar and deep space exploration,was focused on.The technical connotation of space electric propulsion and its application status in China was introduced，and the typical international cislunar and deep space exploration missions based on electric propulsion was analyzed from the dimensions of mission characteristics，electric propulsion configuration，and application benefits.Aiming at the future development needs of China’s deep space exploration，the optimization application stratrgies of electric propulsion were introduced for five typical scenarios: lunar exploration，asteroid exploration，human Mars exploration，solar system boundary exploration and cislunar space scientific exploration，and the key technical systems and development priorities of advanced electric propulsion for deep space exploration were sorted out.Finally，according to the development idea of “one medium，one super，one micro”，suggestions on space electric propulsion technology development were given，which provide a reference for a wider range of applications of space electric propulsion in the field of cislunar and deep space exploration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and development of high-precision Hall electric propulsion technology LIU Qi, MAO Wei, HU Peng, WEI Yanming, HU Yanlin, LI Yong, BIAN Bingxiu, LIU Xuhui Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (2): 1-15.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0016 Abstract （344）      PDF（pc） （8062KB）（400）       Knowledge map    Under the application background of modern global communication and navigation，the abilities of precise orbit prediction and real-time orbit control of satellite platforms request better performances such as thrust accuracy and resolution ratio，so it is significant to construct high-precision electric propulsion system.According to the survey of the space application demand and the research status of electric propulsion technology，it is demonstrated that the output accuracy of thrust under current technology can not satisfy requirements of missions such as the high-precision continuous navigation，the real-time drag compensation of super low orbit satellites and imaging during the movement of high-resolution remote sensing satellites.Taking the Hall effect propulsion system as the research object and focusing on the technical difficulties of high-precision electric propulsion system，the research status at home and abroad was depicted，the development trends and the research routes of the key techniques were analyzed and discussed from the aspects of electric thruster technology，mass flow control technology，power supply and control technology as well as testing technology.The future focal directions of research and development were suggested for high-precision electric propulsion technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and prospect of solar exploration in space YANG Mengfei, DAI Shuwu, WANG Ying, ZHU Chenglin, YANG Shangbin, ZHANG Yechi Chinese Space Science and Technology    2022, 42 (5): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2022.0062 Abstract （410）      PDF（pc） （2853KB）（400）       Knowledge map     In order to explore the development direction of solar space exploration activities，ten typical probes were selected taking into account their implementation era，orbital design，exploration elements，technical characteristics and each mission′s result based on extensive research on solar probe missions.Scientific objectives，payloads，satellite platform characteristics and scientific achievements of the ten typical probes were analyzed.Solar space exploration progress and development trend were summarized.In general，the orbit of solar detectors has been gradually diversified，detection elements of payload have become more abundant，and the detection accuracy and resolution have been significantly improved.However，there are still a lot of problems to be solved.On the basis of analyzing the current achievements and pending problems，the development outlook of solar space exploration was proposed，pointing out that all round and multielement exploration is a feasible way to break the bottleneck of solar physics and space weather forecast. Related Articles | Metrics

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3D printing densification of lunar regolith simulant LIU Yiwei, ZHANG Xian, WANG Chao, SONG Jian, CHEN Xiong, Yao Wei Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (6): 66-73.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0085 Abstract （175）      PDF（pc） （7898KB）（397）       Knowledge map    The insitu 3D printing of lunar regolith（additive manufacturing）can realize the in-situ construction of the lunar base and the insitu manufacturing of key components，and can greatly reduce the cost and risk of the lunar exploration mission.A selective laser melting lunar regolith simulant experiment system was built to carry out single-track molding experiments to explore the effect of the first powder layer thickness on the densification of the sample，while the width and depth of each track were measured.The results show that the width of the single-track decreases with increasing scanning speed until the width is almost constant.At the same laser power，the single-track depth becomes deeper as the first powder layer thickness increases.The singletrack depth increases and then decreases with the increase in scanning speed.The density of a single-track can reach 2.5g/cm3，and the relative density is 86%.As the scanning speed increases，the density of single-track for different layer thicknesses is stabilized at 1.7g/cm3.When the first layer of powder is thinner，the density of single-track is also slightly higher than other layer thicknesses. Related Articles | Metrics

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Opportunities and challenges of longdistance high-capacity continuous wireless power transmission LI Ming, DONG Shiwei, SHI Dele Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (3): 1-13.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0033 Abstract （293）      PDF（pc） （1058KB）（365）       Knowledge map    Long-distance high-capacity continuous wireless power transmission（WPT）is one of the candidate routes to realize space-based solar power exploitation and carbon neutrality.Firstly，the application demands and development opportunities were introduced with specific technical requirements for practical applications of long-distance high-capacity continuous WPT.Secondly，the international state-of-the-art research progress was reported.Then technical challenges were discussed，with respect to development trend and application needs.And toward these challenges，development suggestions were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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LEO constellation configuration design method with constant trajectory of subsatellite points ZHANG Yasheng, JIA Lu, YU Jinlong, LIANG Shuang Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (3): 116-122.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0044 Abstract （291）      PDF（pc） （5014KB）（347）       Knowledge map    An analytical design method for the LEO constellation configuration with constant trajectory was provided，where all satellites share a common subsatellite trajectory and the trajectory is fixed.The constellation configuration was coded with two parameters，the regressor and the number of satellites.Firstly，based on the idea of average orbital elements，an analytical model of repeat ground track orbit design was established under the condition that the harmonic order of the Earth’s non-spherical perturbation band is J4.Secondly，according to the relative motion law of the satellite and Earth，the analytical formula satisfying the common trajectory condition was established.Finally，the constellation configuration design model of the LEO constant trajectory constellation was constructed by combining the concept of repeat ground track orbit design and common trajectory design.The ultimate simulation results show that the configuration design method meets the design expectation，which verifies the effectiveness of this configuration design method.The constellation configuration is characterized by simple form，easy maintenance，and wide coverage.It guarantees the consistency of orientation between the space system and ground system，which greatly reduces the complexity of satellite-ground system cooperation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Software defined TT&C system architecture and key technology LI Chao, JIAO Yiwen, FU Shiyuan, WU Tao Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (3): 14-24.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0034 Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （6999KB）（337）       Knowledge map    In order to meet the rapidly changing needs of civil and commercial aerospace TT&C and the explosive growth of TT&C tasks caused by the rapid development of small satellites and large constellations，software-defined technology，which is considered a revolutionary technology that changes the rules of the game，was introduced from the internet industry into aerospace TT&C systems，a software-defined aerospace TT&C system architecture was proposed，and a new round of technological innovation in the TT&C system was realized.Firstly，the architecture and existing problems of the traditional TT&C system were analyzed，and then the technical characteristics of the software-defined aerospace TT&C system were discussed，such as hierarchical design standards，open application interfaces，centralized system control，and flexible reorganization of basic resources.Then，the advantages of the architecture and four key technologies including standard interfaces and specifications，software-defined RF front-end，software-defined channel and softwaredefined baseband were analyzed，and the development of software-defined TT&C system was prospected.The research results show that compared with the traditional TT&C system，the software-defined aerospace TT&C system architecture can better meet the needs for TT&C resources of the growing aerospace industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relative pose measurement for non-cooperative target based on monocular vision XING Yanjun, WANG Hao, YE Dong, ZHANG Jiaxun Chinese Space Science and Technology    2022, 42 (4): 36-44.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2022.0050 Abstract （201）      PDF（pc） （5167KB）（331）       Knowledge map    In order to realize the on orbit service and maintenance of the space attitude tumbling spacecraft and the removal of space debris,it is necessary to perform accurate relative pose measurement.Aiming at the problems,a relative pose measurement method based on monocular vision and Kalman filter was proposed.By investigating the feature point matching algorithm,the feature point extraction methods based on the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm and the speeded up robust feature (SURF) algorithm with scale invariance and rotation invariance were used.And these two algorithms were further compared to get the working conditions of each other.Through the study of Kalman filter algorithm,the camera bias matrix was introduced,the Kalman filter was designed,the range ambiguity problem of the monocular camera was solved,and the relative pose,main inertia ratio and feature point position information of non-cooperative targets were estimated.According to the simulation,the attitude angle estimation error is less than 0.3° after stabilization,and the relative position estimation error is less than 0.5m.Compared with the true values,the errors are less than 1.67%.The main inertia ratio estimation error is less than 0.01,and the feature point position error is less than 0.005m after stabilization.After introducing the camera bias condition,all the filtering state variables converged,and an estimation with sufficient accuracy was obtained.The problem of the lack of depth information of the monocular camera has been successfully solved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and prospect of scientific exploration for Jovian system ZOU Xin, PENG Jing, MIAO Yuanming Chinese Space Science and Technology    2023, 43 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2023.0078 Abstract （269）      PDF（pc） （3340KB）（322）       Knowledge map    In order to make a better plan for China′s scientific exploration for Jovian system，the development status of foreign Jovian system exploration missions were investigated and analyzed.Among the nine space missions that explored Jupiter and its satellites so far，seven are flyby missions.The other two are Galileo and Juno particularly for Jupiter.The Scientific goals，payloads configuration and exploration results were extracted and generalized.The mission characteristics and enlightenment of scientific exploration for Jovian system were obtained.Finally，on the basis of the above analysis and pending problems，the primary mission layout and prospect of scientific exploration for Jovian system in China were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics